Quiet Victory WW II

Quiet Victory Syllabus for UT-SAGE, Quest, Sr. Univ.

"There are two kinds of ships: submarines and targets."

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Books and internet sites for personal exploring. A look at the first session (you need QuickTime on your computer).

Of four submarine campaigns in World War II, only the American was a strategic success, because our submarines isolated Japan, destroying their merchant fleet. Less than 3% of the people in our Navy, 16,500 men, in 1,682 war patrols sank two-thirds of enemy merchant ships and one-third of warships. Over a fifth of those men are on "eternal patrol." The 22 months after Pearl Harbor were frustrating — with faulty torpedoes and hesitant skippers.

History
The American Navy was the first to have a submarine, Holland, built by John Holland, who built addition sisters of the A-Class and submarines for other nations. The C-Class, the third and larger group, was the first with Diesels and first to cross the Atlantic under her own power. One skipper of the C-5 was Chester W. Nimitz, Pacific Fleet Commander in WW II. Germany surpassed our submarines and showed how effective they were in World War I. After that war the U.S. learned lessons from U-boats to build the S-Class, then evolved further into larger and more effective submarines.

The 1930's
American submarines evolved in the 1930s in Diesel-electric drive; better Diesel engines. Pressure hulls were welded instead of riveted, starting with USS Cachalot in 1931. Helping crewmen operate effectively for months in the warm, tropical Pacific led to habitability, so air conditioning was tried in USS Cuttlefish in 1935; it controlled condensation that caused electrical shorts and fires, and kept the humidity lower for efficient operations. Air conditioning avoided skin diseases that bedeviled Jap, British, and Dutch submariners. Crewmen often wore shorts because of the temperature. Because they became smelly. the best relief after long submergence was "take a suction" — open the hatches at the two ends to start the Diesels that sucked the stale air out of the sub in a brief gale along with anything loose. Now they breathed sweet, fresh sea air throughout the submarine!

That our submarines were strong and well built was shown by the Skipjack built in the late 30's submerged tethered at the Bikini Atoll a-bomb test and subjected to severe pressure. The circular pressure hull remained strong though non-circular parts of the ship were damaged. The structural welding was almost 100% intact. She was seaworthy enough to be towed to California.

World War II
The pre-war training and planning assumed that our submarines would attack while submerged where their speed and maneuverability were limited. Months into the war aggressive skippers made most of their attacks on the surface at night where they were fast and maneuverable, using radar. This change was made by aggressive, imaginative, younger skippers on their own initiative.

By 1940 our new submarines were the best in the world.

In our fleet submarines two distillers provided water for batteries, cooking, cleanliness. They had thinner periscopes, and the significant Torpedo Data Computer (TDC). It was an analog computer developed by the Arma Corporation that calculated where to fire torpedoes at multiple targets, whatever the submarine's course. These submarines were longer than a football field, carried 24 torpedoes, and had 6 tubes forward and 4 aft — twice as many as most German U-boats. To keep crews effective on long patrols they had a mess/recreation compartment, another with triple-deck bunks for much of the crew, and a walk-in freezer. They had space and extra buoyancy so radar and other improvements could be added and kept cool. Before the war they dove in 60 seconds; during the war they learned to "crash-dive" in thirty-five! The result was the similar Tambor/Gato classes of fleet submarines that selected U.S. shipyards mass produced. The Navy thought they could safely dive no deeper than 300 feet, but in March 1942 the Gudgeon under depth charge attack slipped to 425 feet and recovered, the Thresher to 400 feet, and in June the Grouper to 600 feet with some leaking before rising. Their pressure hulls were stronger than any one realized! The pressure hulls of the Balao class of 1943 were built of a thicker, high-tensile steel to dive deeper; Tang of the Balao class under attack slipped to 750 feet in 1944 and recovered.

For a picture tour of compartments of fleet submarine U.S.S. Cod click here; I suggest start with the galley to note familiar labels and equipment and space. How our submarines worked.

Intelligence breakthroughs that started in 1922 were developed despite obstacles. The U.S. Naval Academy sent top graduates to Japan yearly to master the language. Codes became progressively harder to break, so by December 7 the Japanese used the 25th iteration of the naval code. By 1943 most subs were directed to where targets would be.

Crewmen
Their crews were about 80 officers and crew. Half the crew were electricians, motor machinists, and torpedomen; most of the rest technicians plus cooks and bakers. They learned to work effectively as team mates. The Squalus showed the initiative and qualities of American submariners and support people.

Crewmen on their first fleet sub learned the many systems in the submarine — hydraulic, electric, mechanical, and controls. When they proved their knowledge to the chiefs, they were "qualified" in submarines and could wear the twin dolphins. Many submarines were saved from tragedy because crewmen near the problem acted on that knowledge — in World War II and in nuclear submarines since.

Skippers were thoroughly trained before Pearl Harbor to be extremely cautious; their duties were master ship handling and avoid mistakes. They had no realistic training in war patrols. On Pearl Harbor day they were ordered to wage "unrestricted war." In the first year a third of skippers were relieved for being un-aggressive. A new skipper named "Mush" Morton, given command of the unproductive Wahoo, led an aggressive, innovative war patrol starting over two years after Pearl Harbor. He became the model for how to conduct the submarine war. Many skippers became legendary for aggressive yet thoughtful action and inspiring their crews.

Torpedo plagues
Much of the effective fighting in the first year of World War II in the Pacific was done by the S-class from the early 1920's that had many disadvantages, but their torpedoes worked; those in the newer fleet submarines did not. Torpedoes failed to explode, but the navy's bureaucracy blamed it on the skippers and torpedomen. A new Admiral, Charles Lockwood, proved that torpedoes ran eleven feet deeper than set. Trigger at the entrance to Tokyo Bay and Tinosa later found further problems. These were corrected by men of the Pearl Harbor torpedo shop over objections from Washington. Each failure hid others until resolved, and a fourth was never fixed — torpedoes running circular sank at least two of our submarines, Tullibee and Tang. The British and Germans had similar torpedo problems that they quickly solved.

Using the modified torpedoes, the Sailfish with a new skipper was first to sink an aircraft carrier. The attack was in a typhoon in a modern version of a Greek tragedy.

Submarines aggressively hunting
Almost 200 new submarines were built while over ten thousand men were trained. Veterans of war patrols were rotated back to new construction so their crews included new and experienced officers and men.

With aggressive skippers, experienced crews, and effective torpedoes, our submarines developed new tactics to clear most enemy freighters, tankers, and troop transports — the "marus" — from the Pacific. The "hell ships" were a new, traumatic experience; they carried allied POWs but were unmarked. Survivors of their sinkings called submariners "liberators;" some swam to land, though most drowned. Submarines were modified to be more effective. Several submarines were almost fatally damaged, but saved by the initiative and courage of their crews. The loss rate, 22%, was the highest of any U.S. service branch, but much lower than German U-boat losses.

Submarines probably spent too much time chasing enemy warships, since they were faster than our submarines, though with impressive results. In the Battle of the Philippine Sea Albacore and Cavalla each sank a carrier in the morning of the Marianas turkey shoot. That was the only naval battle in which submarines participated fully, provided intelligence before the battle, then sank key ships — without loss. A simple plan prevented our ships attacking our subs. During that month other submarines sank 54 marus. The Sealion II after a chase in a storm sank a battleship. Archer-fish after a long chase sank the super carrier Shinano in a David and Goliath fight.

Our submarines in the "lifeguard league" rescued over 500 aviators from carrier strikes and Air Force bombers who were forced to ditch at sea. One was Avenger pilot George H.W. Bush rescued by Finback.

The Pharmacist Mates treated normal illnesses, injured crewmen, rescued airmen, rescued POWs, and performed three appendectomies.

Admiral Lockwood urged scientists to develop new weapons: electric torpedoes, a decoy device, radar on top of periscopes to get accurate range, "Cutie" and "Dogy" homing torpedoes, a device to record outside sea temperature to find thermal layers that deflected enemy sonar, and "FM Sonar" that enabled submarines to "see" mines to go through minefields. Nine submarines penetrated the minefields in Tsushima Strait guarding the Sea of Japan to cut the last route for Japanese imports. On the way Tinosa found a B-29 crew in rafts. When they learned where she was headed, they elected to wait for a different rescuer. It was nerve wracking slipping past the mines. These submarines in 15 days sank 28 marus, then escaped to the Pacific, though Bonefish was lost.

For a list of our submarines "on eternal patrol" and information about their crews click here.

Several American fleet submarines were kept as memorials and are available for us to visit in cities across the U.S. The U. S. Submarine Force Museum is in Conn. (the two rings in the photo compare the size of the hulls of the Holland and the Ohio ballistic missile submarine).

After World War II
Since 1945 small exploration submarines explored the rifts where continental plates meet. Ballard and other scientists rewrote biology and geology. Deep sea research is often done now by unmanned Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).

The U.S. Navy began in 1940 studying nuclear propulsion. Rickover joined in experiments that led to the first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus. After a year and a half of high speed at deep depth the Nautilus had major damage from hydrodynamic forces that required stronger, better designed hulls.

Adm. Momsen scientifically developed the hull shape that is most efficient for speed underwater, using test basins, that led to building the fast, very maneuverable, Diesel powered Albacore. The Albacore hull was combined with nuclear power for the Skipjack attack subs. Some Skipjack hulls were cut in half to insert missile tubes, becoming the George Washington class of nuclear missile submarines – designed to be a deterrent so effective it would never be used. Eight were on station near the USSR during the Cuban missile crisis.

American fast attack submarine crews during the Cold War furnishing decisive intelligence in daring, very secret operations. They tapped Soviet telephone cables, so we read uncoded messages; surveyed Soviet anchorages; followed Soviet submarines to record their sounds, performance, and patrol patterns; and studied sunken Soviet gear, including the sunken Golf II missile submarine K-129 that revealed it may have been a rogue submarine that attempted to launch a nuclear missile against Hawaii as described by Kenneth Sowell in Red Star Rogue.